* Stiff springs: Springs are the primary shock absorbers. Stiffer springs provide better handling and control around corners, but at the cost of a harsher ride. If the springs are too stiff for the vehicle's weight or the road conditions, they won't absorb bumps effectively.
* Worn-out shock absorbers (dampers): Shock absorbers control the rebound of the springs, preventing excessive bouncing. Worn-out shocks allow the springs to bounce uncontrolled, leading to a jarring ride. They don't dampen the motion effectively.
* Worn-out bushings: Bushings are rubber components that connect various suspension parts. Worn bushings allow excessive play and movement in the suspension, transmitting more of the impact directly to the chassis.
* Low tire pressure: Under-inflated tires offer less cushioning, making the ride harsher as the wheels encounter bumps.
* Heavy payload: A car carrying a significantly heavy load puts more stress on the suspension, making the ride harder.
* Damaged suspension components: Anything from cracked control arms to broken suspension links will negatively affect the suspension's ability to absorb impacts.
* Suspension geometry issues: Problems with alignment or other geometry issues can cause the suspension to react incorrectly to bumps, transferring more impact to the chassis.
Essentially, a harsh ride over bumps means the suspension system isn't effectively absorbing and dissipating the energy from the impact. It's transmitting that energy directly to the car's body and occupants.
