* Assembly Line: This is the most famous aspect. Instead of having each worker build a whole car, Ford broke down the manufacturing process into many small, repetitive tasks. Workers stayed in one place, performing the same action on each car as it moved along a conveyor belt. This dramatically sped up production and reduced labor costs per car.
* Standardization of Parts: Ford standardized parts, meaning every Model T used interchangeable parts. This simplified manufacturing, reduced the need for skilled labor, and made repairs easier and cheaper. If a part broke, a readily available replacement could be quickly installed.
* Vertical Integration: Ford controlled much of his supply chain. He owned or controlled iron mines, rubber plantations, and other resources needed to build cars. This reduced his reliance on external suppliers and allowed him to negotiate better prices, improving his profit margins and lowering costs.
* Efficient Machinery: Ford invested heavily in specialized machinery designed for the assembly line. These machines were designed for speed and precision, further increasing productivity.
* High Volume Production: By focusing on a single, relatively simple model (the Model T), Ford was able to produce cars on a massive scale. The higher the volume, the lower the cost per unit due to economies of scale.
* Low Wages (Controversial): While boosting efficiency, Ford also initially paid relatively low wages, though he later increased them to improve worker retention and morale and create a consumer base among his own employees. This aspect is often viewed as controversial.
In short, Ford's genius wasn't in inventing the automobile, but in perfecting the system of mass production that made it affordable for the average person. This revolutionized manufacturing and had a profound impact on the 20th century.
