1. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): HEVs use a gasoline or diesel engine as the primary source of power. The engine is similar to the ones found in conventional vehicles but is typically smaller and more efficient.
2. Electric Motor: In addition to the ICE, HEVs have an electric motor that assists in powering the vehicle. The electric motor can operate independently or in conjunction with the ICE to improve overall efficiency and performance.
3. Battery: HEVs store electrical energy in a high-voltage battery. This battery is used to power the electric motor and can be recharged through regenerative braking or when the ICE is running.
4. Power Control Unit: The power control unit (PCU) is an electronic device that manages the flow of power between the battery, electric motor, and ICE. It ensures efficient use of energy and coordinates the operation of the different components.
5. Regenerative Braking: HEVs utilize regenerative braking to recapture energy lost during braking or deceleration. When the brakes are applied, the electric motor acts as a generator, converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into electricity that is stored in the battery.
6. Transmission: HEVs may employ a conventional automatic transmission or a hybrid-specific transmission. The transmission is responsible for transferring power from the ICE and/or electric motor to the wheels.
7. Vehicle Electronics: HEVs are equipped with specialized electronic systems and software to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the powertrain components. These systems monitor factors like battery charge levels, engine speed, and energy usage to ensure efficient operation.
Additionally, HEVs may include features like a start-stop system, which turns off the ICE when the vehicle is stationary to save fuel, and an on-board charger that allows the battery to be plugged into an external power source for charging.
