1. Containment: The most basic function is to hold the fuel. This requires a strong, leak-proof container, usually made of steel, aluminum, or plastics designed to withstand pressure and temperature changes, as well as the corrosive nature of the fuel itself. The material choice depends on the type of fuel (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.) and the application (automobile, aircraft, etc.).
2. Venting: Fuel tanks need to vent to allow for changes in pressure and temperature. As fuel expands when heated, the pressure inside the tank increases. A vent allows this pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure, preventing the tank from rupturing. Conversely, as fuel cools and contracts, the vent allows air to enter, preventing a vacuum from forming. These vents are typically equipped with filters to prevent contaminants from entering the tank.
3. Fuel Level Sensing: Most fuel tanks have a mechanism to measure the amount of fuel remaining. This can be a simple float-type sensor, which moves with the fuel level, or a more sophisticated ultrasonic or capacitive sensor. This information is usually displayed on a gauge in the vehicle or equipment.
4. Fuel Delivery: Fuel is withdrawn from the tank through a fuel pickup tube, often located near the bottom of the tank to ensure a consistent supply, even as the fuel level drops. This tube connects to the fuel pump and the rest of the fuel delivery system. The fuel pump pressurizes the fuel and sends it to the engine or other fuel-consuming components.
5. Baffles (in some tanks): Larger fuel tanks often incorporate baffles – internal partitions – to prevent fuel sloshing, which can affect vehicle stability and fuel metering. This is particularly important in aircraft and larger vehicles.
6. Safety Features: Many fuel tanks incorporate safety features like pressure relief valves to prevent over-pressurization and rupture, and crush zones to help absorb impact in collisions, minimizing the risk of fuel leaks.
Different Types of Fuel Tanks:
The design of a fuel tank can vary considerably depending on the application. Automotive fuel tanks are often made of stamped steel and located under the vehicle. Aircraft fuel tanks are typically made of aluminum alloys and are integrated into the aircraft's structure. Portable fuel tanks may be made of various materials and designed for ease of transport and handling.
In short, a fuel tank is more than just a container. It's a carefully engineered system designed for safe and efficient fuel storage, delivery, and monitoring.
