- Plastic deformation: This occurs when the metal is deformed but does not break. The energy of the impact is absorbed by the metal as it is stretched and bent.
- Elastic deformation: This occurs when the metal is deformed and then returns to its original shape. The energy of the impact is stored in the metal and then released as it returns to its original shape.
- Fracture: This occurs when the metal breaks. The energy of the impact is released as the metal breaks apart.
The amount of damage to the vehicle depends on the amount of energy that is involved in the impact and the strength of the vehicle's structure.
