1. Identify the Problem:
* No brakes at all: This is the most serious issue. It could be a complete hydraulic failure (fluid leak, master cylinder failure), a broken cable (on drum brakes), or a mechanical problem within the caliper/wheel cylinder.
* Weak brakes: This could indicate low brake fluid, worn brake pads/shoes, air in the lines, or a problem with the master cylinder or wheel cylinder/caliper.
* Spongy brake pedal: Usually points to air in the brake lines or a failing master cylinder.
* Grinding noise: Worn brake pads/shoes are the most likely culprit. Metal-on-metal contact is a serious issue.
* Squealing noise: Usually means worn brake pads/shoes or something is rubbing against the rotor/drum.
* Pulling to one side: This indicates uneven braking force, likely due to a seized caliper piston, different levels of wear on the pads/shoes, or a problem with the hydraulics.
* Brake fluid leak: Look for fluid dripping from anywhere in the brake system.
2. Common Fixes (with caveats):
* Low Brake Fluid: Check the brake fluid reservoir. If it's low, add DOT 3 or DOT 4 brake fluid (check your owner's manual for the correct type). Low fluid suggests a leak – *find and fix the leak before driving*.
* Worn Brake Pads/Shoes: This requires replacing them. This is a fairly straightforward job for some vehicles, but requires specific tools and knowledge for others. Inspect the rotors/drums for scoring or excessive wear while you're at it. They may need resurfacing or replacement as well.
* Air in the Brake Lines (Bleeding): Air in the lines will make the brakes spongy and ineffective. This requires bleeding the brakes, a procedure that involves opening bleeder valves on each caliper/wheel cylinder while someone pumps the brake pedal. This is best done with a helper and can be tricky.
* Seized Caliper Piston: A seized caliper piston prevents the brake pad from retracting, leading to dragging and overheating. This requires disassembling the caliper, cleaning and lubricating the piston, and possibly replacing it.
* Broken Brake Cable (Drum Brakes): If you have drum brakes and have no brakes, this is a possibility. Replacing the cable may be necessary.
* Master Cylinder Failure: A failing master cylinder will compromise the entire braking system. This requires replacement. This is a major repair.
* Wheel Cylinder/Caliper Failure: A leaking or faulty wheel cylinder (drum brakes) or caliper (disc brakes) will result in brake failure or poor performance. This requires replacement. This is a moderately difficult repair.
* Leaking Brake Lines or Hoses: These need replacing. This is a moderately difficult repair.
3. Tools You Might Need:
* Wrench set (metric or standard, depending on your vehicle)
* Socket set
* Brake caliper piston compressor tool
* Brake bleeder wrench
* C-clamp (sometimes)
* Brake fluid
* New brake pads/shoes
* New rotors/drums (if necessary)
* Wheel chocks
* Jack and jack stands
* Gloves
Again, I strongly advise against attempting any brake repairs unless you have the necessary experience and tools. Brake failure can be fatal. If you are unsure about any aspect of this process, consult a qualified mechanic. Improper repair can lead to serious injury or death.
