* The engine: Some engines might have been exempt from the requirements, or might have used different emission control systems.
* The model: Different Chevy models (e.g., a pickup truck vs. a passenger car) may have had different emissions equipment.
* The market: Vehicles sold in California, which had stricter emissions standards, were more likely to have catalytic converters even earlier than the federal mandate.
To know for sure if a particular 1981 Chevy has a catalytic converter, you'd need to check the vehicle's documentation or visually inspect the exhaust system.