* Design: Naturally aspirated, turbocharged, supercharged, etc. Turbocharging and supercharging significantly increase horsepower.
* Technology: Engine design (e.g., V6, inline-4, etc.), valvetrain design, fuel injection system, etc., all impact power.
* Tuning: Manufacturers can tune engines to produce different horsepower outputs.
A 3.1L naturally aspirated engine might produce anywhere from 150 to 250 horsepower, while a turbocharged 3.1L engine could easily exceed 300 horsepower. You need to specify the *make, model, and year* of the vehicle to get a precise horsepower figure.