* Driving accessory belts: The pulley drives the alternator, power steering pump, water pump, etc.
* Dampening crankshaft vibrations: The harmonic balancer (or damper) is designed to absorb vibrations produced by the engine's reciprocating motion, preventing damage to the crankshaft and other engine components.
While there *are* bolt holes *on* the crankshaft, they are located further inboard (closer to the engine block) to secure the flywheel (on the other end) or other internal components. The end of the crankshaft itself needs to be smooth and precisely machined to properly interface with the pulley/balancer.