1. Carbon Monoxide (CO): CO is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced when fuel does not burn completely. It binds to hemoglobin in the bloodstream, reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen to cells and tissues. CO poisoning can cause headaches, nausea, dizziness, confusion, and even death.
2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): NOx refers to a group of gases, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), that are formed when nitrogen and oxygen in the air react at high temperatures. NOx emissions contribute to the formation of smog and can cause respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis.
3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): VOCs are a group of carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. They are emitted from fuel combustion and contribute to smog formation. Some VOCs are also known carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).
4. Particulate Matter (PM): PM refers to small particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. These particles can be emitted from both diesel and gasoline engines, as well as from other sources such as industrial processes and wildfires. PM can irritate the respiratory system, aggravate asthma, and increase the risk of heart disease and cancer.
5. Sulfur Oxides (SOx): SOx refers to a group of gases, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), that are produced when sulfur-containing fuels are burned. SO2 contributes to acid rain and can cause respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma.
6. Lead (Pb): Lead is a heavy metal that was once commonly added to gasoline as an octane booster. However, due to its harmful effects on human health, particularly in children, lead has been phased out in most countries. Lead exposure can damage the brain and nervous system, and cause developmental problems.
These pollutants can have a range of adverse effects on human health, including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and developmental issues. They can also contribute to environmental problems such as smog, acid rain, and climate change.
