Cryogenic engines are often used in upper-stage rockets, where high efficiency and specific impulse are critical for achieving orbit or deep space missions. Some examples of cryogenic engines include the RL-10, which is used on the Centaur upper stage, and the J-2X, which was developed for use on the Space Launch System (SLS).
The use of cryogenic propellants presents challenges in terms of handling, storage, and insulation. Propellants such as liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are extremely cold and can cause frost and ice to form on surfaces. Therefore, cryogenic engines must be designed with careful attention to thermal management and materials selection to ensure proper functionality and safety.
Despite these challenges, cryogenic engines offer significant advantages in terms of performance, making them essential for a wide range of space exploration and satellite launch missions.
