- Steam engines, which used the expansion of steam to generate power. Steam engines were used in a wide variety of applications, including transportation, industry, and agriculture.
- Water wheels, which used the power of flowing water to turn a wheel, often connected to a mill or other machinery. Water wheels were used in a variety of applications, including grinding grain, sawing wood, and pumping water.
- Windmills, which used the power of the wind to turn a wheel, often connected to a mill or other machinery. Windmills were used in a variety of applications, including grinding grain, sawing wood, and pumping water.
- Animal power, which used horses, donkeys, oxen, and other animals to pull carts, ploughs, and other machinery. Animal power was used in a variety of applications, including transportation, industry, and agriculture.
- Human power, which used the physical strength of humans to perform a variety of tasks, including lifting, digging, and carrying. Human power was used in a variety of applications, including construction, agriculture, and transportation.
