* Working on the brake lines themselves: Repairing or replacing parts of the brake lines or calipers.
* Low brake fluid: If the brake fluid reservoir gets very low, air can be sucked in.
* A leak in the system: A leak will allow air to enter.
Since neither rotors nor pads are part of the hydraulic system itself, bleeding isn't needed unless you also did work on parts of the hydraulic system. If you experience spongy brakes or a loss of braking power *after* replacing the rotors and pads, that suggests a different problem, and *then* you might need to bleed the brakes.