1. Sensors:
* Oxygen Sensors (O2 Sensors): These are crucial for monitoring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. They help the engine control module adjust fuel mixture for optimal combustion. Typically, there are one or two upstream (before the catalytic converter) and one or two downstream (after the catalytic converter).
* Mass Airflow Sensor (MAF): This sensor measures the amount of air entering the engine, essential for calculating the correct amount of fuel.
* Throttle Position Sensor (TPS): This sensor monitors the position of the throttle, which controls the amount of air entering the engine.
* Coolant Temperature Sensor (CTS): This sensor measures the engine coolant temperature, which is crucial for optimal engine performance.
* Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor: This sensor measures the pressure in the intake manifold, which helps determine engine load.
* Knock Sensors: These sensors detect engine knocking or detonation, which can damage the engine.
* Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP) and Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP): These sensors ensure correct timing of the engine's combustion cycle.
2. Engine Control Module (ECM):
* This is the "brain" of the system. It receives data from all the sensors and uses this information to control various engine functions, such as fuel injection, ignition timing, and emissions control.
Where are they located?
The location of these sensors varies depending on the vehicle model. However, here are some general guidelines:
* O2 Sensors: Usually located in the exhaust manifold or exhaust pipe.
* MAF Sensor: Located in the intake pipe, near the air filter box.
* TPS Sensor: Mounted on the throttle body.
* CTS Sensor: Usually located in the engine block or the coolant hose.
* MAP Sensor: Located in the intake manifold.
* Knock Sensors: Mounted on the engine block.
* CMP and CKP Sensors: Typically located near the camshaft or crankshaft, respectively.
Important Notes:
* Check Engine Light: When any of these sensors malfunction, the "Check Engine" light illuminates on your dashboard.
* Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs): The ECM stores codes related to the sensor fault, which can be read by a mechanic using a scan tool.
* Specific Locations: It's crucial to consult your vehicle's repair manual or a reliable online source for specific sensor locations.
I hope this information is helpful! If you have any more questions about specific sensors, feel free to ask.
