1. Crankcase: The housing that contains the crankshaft, connecting rods, and oil.
2. Crankshaft: The rotating shaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion.
3. Pistons: The components that move up and down within the cylinders, compressing the air-fuel mixture and transferring power to the connecting rods.
4. Connecting Rods: These link the pistons to the crankshaft, transmitting the force of the piston's movement to rotate the crankshaft.
5. Cylinders: The chambers where combustion occurs. They house the pistons and are often lined with a more wear-resistant material.
6. Cylinder Head: The top of the cylinder, containing the valves, spark plugs (or glow plugs in a diesel), and combustion chambers.
7. Valves: Control the flow of air-fuel mixture into and exhaust gases out of the cylinders (intake and exhaust valves). They are operated by camshafts.
8. Camshaft: A rotating shaft with lobes that operate the valves via pushrods or rocker arms.
9. Timing System: Ensures the valves open and close at precisely the right times relative to the piston's movement. This often involves a timing belt or chain.
10. Fuel System: Delivers fuel to the cylinders (fuel pump, injectors, carburetor – depending on the engine type).
11. Ignition System (for gasoline engines): Ignites the air-fuel mixture (spark plugs, ignition coil, distributor – in older designs).
12. Lubrication System: Provides lubrication to reduce friction and wear (oil pump, oil filter, oil pan).
13. Cooling System: Keeps the engine from overheating (radiator, water pump, thermostat, coolant).
14. Intake System: Draws air into the engine (air filter, intake manifold).
15. Exhaust System: Removes exhaust gases from the engine (exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, muffler, tailpipe).
This is not an exhaustive list, and many sub-components exist within each of these systems (e.g., various gaskets, seals, sensors). The specifics also vary significantly depending on the type of engine (e.g., four-stroke, two-stroke, diesel, gasoline, rotary).
