Launch vehicles consist of several stages, each with its own set of engines and fuel tanks. During launch, the first stage ignites and lifts the vehicle off the ground. Once the fuel in the first stage is depleted, it separates and falls away, allowing the second stage to ignite and continue the ascent. This process continues until the final stage reaches the desired altitude and releases the spacecraft or payload.
Launch vehicles can be categorized based on their size, payload capacity, and propulsion systems. Small launch vehicles, such as the Electron rocket or Vega C, are typically used for launching small satellites and payloads weighing a few hundred kilograms. Medium-lift launch vehicles, like the Falcon 9 or Ariane 5, can carry payloads of several tons, enabling the deployment of larger satellites or spacecraft. Heavy-lift launch vehicles, such as the Space Launch System (SLS) or the Falcon Heavy, are designed for launching extremely heavy payloads, including interplanetary missions and large spacecraft components.
Launch vehicles employ a variety of propulsion systems, including liquid-propellant rockets, solid-propellant rockets, or a combination of both. Liquid-propellant rockets use a combination of liquid fuels, such as kerosene or liquid hydrogen, and liquid oxidizers, such as liquid oxygen. Solid-propellant rockets use pre-packaged solid fuel and oxidizer that ignite and burn rapidly to produce thrust.
The development and launch of launch vehicles are crucial for space exploration, commercial satellite deployment, and various space-based applications. They play a vital role in enabling the transportation of astronauts, satellites, scientific instruments, and other payloads into orbit and beyond, pushing the boundaries of human presence and exploration in the vast expanse of space.
