* Mass Production using the Assembly Line: This is arguably his biggest contribution. Before Ford, cars were handcrafted, making them expensive. Ford's assembly line drastically reduced production time and cost by breaking down the manufacturing process into smaller, specialized tasks performed by workers at a fixed location. This allowed for much higher volume production at a lower price per unit.
* Standardization of Parts: Ford standardized parts, meaning interchangeable components could be used across many vehicles. This made repairs easier and cheaper, and further contributed to efficient mass production.
* Vertical Integration: Ford owned or controlled much of the supply chain for his cars, from mining the raw materials to distributing the finished product. This gave him greater control over costs and quality.
* Focus on Simplicity and Durability: Ford's Model T was designed for simplicity and durability, making it relatively easy to maintain and repair, factors that increased its appeal and longevity. He famously offered the Model T in only one color (black) to streamline production.
* Improved Engine Design: Though not a radical breakthrough compared to other existing designs, Ford's engine was reliable and relatively inexpensive to manufacture, contributing to the overall affordability of the Model T.
In short, Ford didn't necessarily invent new car technologies, but he revolutionized *how* cars were made, making them affordable enough to transform personal transportation and American society.
