The fuel filter location on a 1982 Chevy Silverado C1500 depends slightly on the engine type and specific configuration, but it's generally found
on the frame rail, near the fuel tank. It's often
close to the fuel pump, but not always directly attached to it. It's usually a cylindrical canister, possibly metal or plastic.
You'll likely need to get under the truck to locate it. Look along the frame rail, following the fuel lines from the tank. A shop manual specific to your truck's year, engine, and options would give you the most precise location.