* Burnout: The pump motor can overheat and burn out the windings, rendering it completely inoperable. This is the most likely outcome.
* Reduced lifespan: Even if it doesn't immediately fail, running dry significantly shortens the pump's lifespan. The lack of lubrication causes increased wear and tear.
* Seals damage: The seals within the pump can be damaged by the heat and friction of running dry. This can lead to fuel leaks later on, even after refilling.
It's crucial to avoid running a car out of gas to protect the fuel pump. The fuel itself acts as a coolant and lubricant for the pump.