- Most widespread in electric vehicles due to their high energy density and relatively long lifespan.
- Composed of individual cells, each containing a positive electrode (cathode), a negative electrode (anode), and an electrolyte separating them.
- Offer good balance between performance, cost, and lifespan.
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* Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries:
- Initially used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) before Li-ion batteries became dominant.
- Less energy-dense compared to Li-ion but generally less expensive.
- Often utilized as auxiliary batteries for powering accessories, lights, and audio systems in electric vehicles.
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* Solid-state batteries:
- A newer technology still under development.
- Employ solid electrolytes instead of liquid or gel electrolytes.
- Potential advantages include increased safety, higher energy density, and faster charging times compared to Li-ion batteries.
Other battery technologies used in some experimental or prototype electric vehicles include:
*Lead-acid batteries:* Traditional batteries commonly found in conventional vehicles but rarely used in modern electric cars due to low energy density and weight.**
*Zinc-air batteries:* Utilize oxygen from the air during discharge and can potentially offer very high energy density but face technical challenges for practical implementation in vehicle.
*Supercapacitors:* Capable of storing and releasing energy quickly but have lower energy density compared to batteries.
Note that battery technology continues to advance, and new and innovative types of batteries may emerge in the future.
