* Design: Is it a naturally aspirated engine, or does it have a turbocharger or supercharger?
* Engine type: V8, inline 6, etc. Different engine configurations have different efficiencies.
* Internal components: Camshaft profile, compression ratio, intake and exhaust design, and the quality of the internal components all significantly impact power output.
* Fuel system: The type of fuel injection or carburetion system used.
* Tuning: How well the engine is tuned and maintained.
A 500 CI engine could produce anywhere from a few hundred horsepower in a naturally aspirated, older design, to well over 1000 horsepower in a highly modified, forced induction engine.