1. Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ ATPase): This pump is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells. It pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell for each ATP hydrolyzed. This creates a concentration gradient for sodium and potassium ions, which drives various cellular processes.
2. Calcium Pump (Ca2+ ATPase): The calcium pump is found in the plasma membrane of many cell types, as well as in the membranes of intracellular organelles such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells. It pumps calcium ions from the cytosol into the extracellular space or into intracellular stores, lowering the cytosolic calcium concentration.
3. Proton Pump (H+ ATPase): Proton pumps are found in various cellular membranes and are involved in creating a proton gradient across the membrane. They pump protons (H+) from one side of the membrane to the other, establishing an electrochemical gradient that can be utilized for various processes, including nutrient uptake and ATP synthesis.
4. Multidrug Resistance Pumps: Multidrug resistance pumps are proteins that actively transport a wide range of structurally unrelated compounds, including drugs, out of the cell. These pumps are found in the plasma membranes of many cell types and play a crucial role in drug resistance in cancer cells and other diseases.
5. Vacuolar H+ ATPase: The vacuolar H+ ATPase is a proton pump found in the membranes of plant vacuoles and some animal lysosomes. It pumps protons into the vacuole, acidifying the lumen and creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the uptake of various molecules into the vacuole.
