* Primer: This is the foundational layer, applied directly to the bare metal. Its purpose is to provide corrosion protection, fill imperfections in the metal surface, and promote adhesion for subsequent layers. Primers often contain pigments, resins (like epoxy or urethane), and solvents.
* Surfacer (sometimes combined with primer): This layer further smooths the surface, improving the final finish. It's often a thicker layer than the primer. Composition is similar to primer, but may focus more on filling and leveling.
* Basecoat (or color coat): This layer provides the vehicle's color. It's typically a mixture of pigments (for color), binders (resins like acrylic or urethane), and solvents. The pigments are finely ground to ensure a smooth, even finish. Metallic and pearlescent paints contain metallic flakes or pearl-like particles embedded in the binder.
* Clearcoat: This is a transparent topcoat that protects the basecoat from UV radiation, scratches, and other environmental factors. It enhances gloss and durability. Clearcoats are typically composed of acrylic urethane resins, hardeners, and solvents.
In summary: The core components across all layers include:
* Resins: These act as binders, holding the pigments and other components together to form a durable film. Common resins include acrylics, urethanes, and epoxies. The type of resin significantly affects the paint's durability, flexibility, and appearance.
* Pigments: These provide the color and other visual effects (metallic, pearlescent). They can be inorganic (metal oxides, etc.) or organic (dyes).
* Solvents: These are volatile liquids that help to thin the paint, making it easier to apply and allowing it to flow evenly. They evaporate after application.
* Additives: Various additives might be included to improve flow, leveling, gloss, curing time, and other properties. These can include catalysts, UV absorbers, and leveling agents.
The exact composition of car paint varies depending on the manufacturer, the type of paint (e.g., solid, metallic, pearlescent), and the desired properties.
