1. Fuses: Check the fuse(s) related to the wipers. Your owner's manual will show you the fuse box location and which fuse(s) are responsible. A blown fuse is a common and easy-to-fix cause.
2. Wiper Switch: The switch itself could be faulty. Try wiggling it gently while attempting to activate the wipers. A sticky or broken switch is a possibility.
3. Wiper Motor: The motor itself could be burned out or seized. This requires more advanced diagnosis and likely replacement. You might hear a clicking sound if the motor is trying to engage but failing.
4. Wiper Linkage: The mechanical linkage connecting the motor to the wiper arms could be broken, dislodged, or seized. Inspect the linkage visually for any obvious damage or binding.
5. Relay: Many vehicles use a relay to control the wiper motor. A faulty relay prevents the motor from receiving power even if the fuse is good. Replacing the relay is relatively inexpensive. Your owner's manual or a wiring diagram will help locate it.
6. Low Washer Fluid: While seemingly unrelated, some wiper systems have a sensor that prevents operation if the washer fluid reservoir is empty (to avoid dry-wiping the windshield). Check your fluid level.
7. Electrical Wiring: A break or short in the wiring harness leading to the motor or switch could interrupt the circuit. This often requires tracing the wires for damage.
8. Grounding Issues: A poor ground connection can prevent the circuit from completing, stopping the wipers. Check the ground wire connections related to the wiper motor.
9. Parked Wiper Arms: The wiper arms might be frozen in the "park" position, preventing movement. Try gently moving them by hand (after ensuring the motor is off and the ignition is off).
Troubleshooting Steps:
1. Start with the simplest: Check the fuses first.
2. Visual Inspection: Carefully look at the wiper motor, linkage, and wiring for any visible damage.
3. Test the Switch: Try the switch repeatedly to see if it's intermittent.
4. Check the Relay (if applicable): If you suspect a relay problem, try swapping it with a known good relay of the same type.
5. Use a multimeter (if comfortable): If you have a multimeter, you can test for power at the fuse, switch, relay and motor to isolate the fault.
If you are not comfortable performing electrical work on your car, it's best to take it to a qualified mechanic for diagnosis and repair. Incorrectly diagnosing and repairing electrical systems can lead to further damage.
